The simulation process in the construction of meaning in narrative
Keywords:
cognitive linguistics, simulation semantics, narrativeAbstract
The goal of this paper is to propose an explanation of how we mentally simulate complex scenes and referents from simple linguistic cues. As a hypothesis, we believe that the construction of meaning is based on the coding of perceptual and motor representations of entities and trajectors described linguistically, such as movement, shape, orientation and location. From this perspective, besides the linguistic ability, other cognitive capabilities such as perception, memory and attention appear to play crucial role in text comprehension. To elaborate the proposal, we have relied on investigations of Artifi cial Intelligence, Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology and Neural Theory of Language, whose investigations reveal some neurocognitive constructs used during text comprehension tasks, such as schema and frames, for example. The focus on narrative is due to the fact that stories constitute a microcosm of events based on daily experiences that include people performing actions in terms of goals and events that present obstacles to these goals, confl icts, and emotional reactions.
Downloads
References
SSIS, Machado de. Contos: uma antologia. Seleção, introdução e notas de John Gledson. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. 2 v.
BARSALOU, Lawrence. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cambridge, v. 22, n. 4, p. 637-660, jul. 1999.
BERGEN, Benjamin. Mental simulation in literal and figurative language understanding. In: COULSON, Seana; LEWANDOWSKA-TOMASZCZYK, Barbara (Ed.). The literal and nonliteral in language and thought. Berlin: Lang, 2005. p. 255-280.
BERGEN, Benjamin. Experimental methods for simulation semantics. In: GONZALEZ-MARQUEZ, Monica; MITTELBERG, Irene; COULSON, Seana; SPIVEY, Michael J. (Ed.) Methods in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John B enjamins, 2007.
BERGEN, Benjamin; CHANG, Nancy. Embodied construction grammar in simulation-based language understanding. In: OSTMAN, Jan-Ola; FRIED, Mirjan (Ed.). Construction grammars: cognitive grounding and theoretical extensions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005. p. 147-190.
BORGHI, Anna; GLENBERG, Arthur; KASCHAK, Michael. Putting words in perspective. Memory e Cognition, New York, v. 32, n. 6, p. 863-873, set. 2004.
CARVALHO, José C. de. Se eu morrer, telefone para o céu. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 1979.
CHANG, Nancy. Constructing grammar: a computational model of the emergence of early constructions. Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley dissertation, 2009.
CLAUSNER, Timothy; CROFT, William. Domains and image schemas. Cognitive Linguistics, v. 10, n. 1, p. 1-31,1999.
DUQUE, Paulo. Modelo de Situação e Compreensão de Textos. In: ENCONTRO DAS CIÊNCIAS DA LINGUAGEM APLICADAS AO ENSINO, 5., 2011, Natal. Anais... Natal: GELNE, 2011a.
DUQUE, Paulo. Simulação Semântica e Compreensão de Textos. In: CONGRESSO NACIONAL DE FILOLOGIA E LINGUÍSTICA, 16., 2011, Rio de Janeiro. Cadernos do CNLF. Rio de Janeiro:
EdUERJ, 2011b. p. 128.
DUQUE, Paulo. O Padrão Discursivo Conto Fantástico: uma análise construcional dos contos de Machado de Assis. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v. 41, n. 2, p. 1114-1125, 2012.
DUQUE, Paulo. A integração entre affordances e restrições gramaticais no processo de compreensão de sentenças. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v. 42, n. 1, p. 370-385, 2013.
DUQUE, Paulo. H. As construções linguísticas “para” e “para dentro de” e a simulação mental de espaço e movimento. Revista Digital Letrônica, Porto Alegre, v. 7, n. 1, p. 298-324, jan./jun. 2014.
DUQUE, Paulo; COSTA, Marcos. Gramática de Construções e Simulação Mental: Construindo sentidos e arquitetando contextos. In: MOURA, Heronides; GABRIEL, Rosângela (Org.). A cognição na linguagem. Florianópolis: Insular, 2012a. p. 115-143.
DUQUE, Paulo. Identidade, Integração e Imaginação: investigando a literatura fantástica. In: CONGRESSO LINGUÍSTICA E COGNIÇÃO, 5., 2012, Florianópolis. Anais... Florianópolis, 2012b. p. 109-114. v. 1.
EHRSSON, Henrik; GEYER, Stephan; NAITO, Eiichi. Imagery of voluntary movement of fi ngers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part specifi c motor representations. Journal of Neurophysiology, Bastheda, v. 90, n. 5, p. 3304-3316, nov. 2003.
FAUCONNIER, Gilles. Mental Spaces. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
FELDMAN, Jerome A.; DODGE, Ellen; BRYANT, John. A Neural Theory of Language and Embodied Construction Grammar. In: HEINE, B.; NARROG, H. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
FILLMORE, Charles J. Topics in lexical semantics. In: COLE, R. (Ed.). Current issues in linguistic theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977.
FILLMORE, Charles J. Frame semantics. In: Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Soeul: Hanshin, 1982. p. 111-137. (Ed. by The Linguistic Society of Korea).
FILLMORE, Charles J.; BAKER, Colin. A Frames Approach to Semantic Analysis. In: HEINE, Bernd; NARROG. Heiko (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 313-340.
FISCHER, Martin; ZWAAN, Rolf. Embodied language: a review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 61, n. 6, maio 2008.
GALLESE, Victorio. The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: the quest for a common mechanism. In: FRITH Christopher; WOLPERT, Daniel (Ed.). The Neuroscience of Social Interaction: Decoding, Imitating, and Infl uencing the Actions of Others. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 159-182.
GALLESE, Vittorio; LAKOFF, George. The Brain’s Concepts: The Role of the Sensory-Motor System in Conceptual Knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, v. 22, n. 3-4, p. 455-479, maio 2005.
GLENBERG, Arthur. Language and action: creating sensible combinations of ideas. In: GASKELL, George (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007. p. 361-370.
HURLEY, Mathew; DENNETT, Daniel; ADAMS, Reginald. Inside jokes: using humor to reverse-engineer the mind. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press, 2011.
KOSSLYN, Stephan; GANIS, Giorgio; THOMPSON, William. Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, v. 2, p. 635 -642, set. 2001.
LAKOFF, George; JOHNSON, Mark. Philosophy in the Flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
LANGACKER, Ronald. Cognitive Grammar: a basic introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
LOTZE, Martin; MONTOYA, Pedro; ERB, Michael; HÜLSMANN, Ernst; FLOR, Herta; KLOSE, Uwe; BIRBAUMER, Niels; GRODD, Wolfgang. Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, v. 11, n. 5, p. 491-501, set. 1999.
NYBERG, Lars; PETERSSON, Karl; NILSSON, Lars-Goran; SANDBLOM, Johan; ÅBERG, Carola; INGVAR, Martin. Reactivation of motor brain areas during explicit memory for actions. NeuroImage, v. 14, n. 2, p. 521-528, ago. 2001.
PETRUCK, Miriam R. L. Frame Semantics. In: ÖSTMAN, J-O.; VERSCHUEREN, J.; BLOMMAERT, J. (Ed.). Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1996.
PORRO, Carlo; FRANCESCATO, Maria; CETTOLO, Valentina; DIAMOND, Mathew; BARALDI, Patrizia; ZUIANI, Chiara; BAZZOCCHI, Massimo; DI PRAMPERO, Pietro. Primary motor and sensory cortex activation during motor performance and motor imagery: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience, v. 16, n. 23, p. 7688-7698, dez. 1996.
ROSCH, Eleanor. Is Wisdom in the Brain? [A review of Austin, J. H. Zen and the brain.]. Psychological Science, v. 10, p. 222-224, 1998.
WHEELER, Mark; PETERSEN, Steven; BUCKNER, Randy. Memory’s echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory specifi c cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, v. 97, n. 20, p. 11125-11129, 2000.
ZWAAN, Rolf. Situation models: the mental leap into imagined worlds. Current Directions in Psychological Science, v. 8, n. 1, p. 15-18, fev. 1999.
ZWAAN, Rolf; MADDEN, Carol. Embodied sentence comprehension. In: PECHER, Diane; ZWAAN, Rolf (Ed.). Grounding cognition: the role of perception and action in memory, language, and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 224-245.
ZWAAN, Rolf; RADVANSKY, Gabriel. Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, v. 123, n. 2, p. 162-185, mar. 1998.
